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Meaning of Depreciation

What Does Depreciation Mean?

The summary meaning of depreciation: It is an expense that reduces the cost of assets (high cost equipment), in annual installments, over their life-span, using different methods. 

Tax laws don't allow the full cost to be included in the bookkeeping accounts as an expense immediately upon purchase. The cost has to be spread over several years.

Meaning of Depreciation
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Understanding the Meaning of depreciation

You don’t have to know how to calculate depreciation, but it will benefit you to know the meaning of depreciation and how it affects your small business.

This page explains how depreciation reduces your tax liability and why it is done this way.


the meaning of depreciation main facts

  • Depreciation is a deductible business expense.  
  • It reduces the cost of fixed assets by percentages over several years.
  • It decreases your profit.
  • It lowers your tax payments.
  • There are different methods.
  • It has to be tracked in a schedule.

The meaning of why depreciation is used

Many businesses purchase high cost equipment which is:

  • owned by the business and  
  • used in the business for more than 12 months – such as a vehicle or a high-end printer or a forklift

The purchase price of a fixed asset is not allowed as an immediate deductible business expense, unless it is under a certain cost (see next section Asset Value Limits). 

This means you cannot immediately enter the full cost as an expense in your bookkeeping accounts to show on your Profit and Loss.

This is because an asset has a long-term benefit to a business, so rather than claiming the full expense immediately in the year it is purchased, the tax laws require the cost to be spread over the perceived life of the asset which could be from 2 years to 10 or more years. 

An asset can potentially help a business bring in income over many years, therefore it makes sense for the cost of the asset to be spread over many years too, which aligns with the accounting principle of matching expenses to income within the same time frame as each other.

The value of the asset will decline with use and wear over the years and so depreciation aims to reflect that decline in the accounts via the reduction of the cost over the years too.

So instead of claiming this year the full purchase price of the asset by entering it as an expense, only a percentage of that price is entered as an expense (the depreciation) and this same percentage is used each year to reduce the cost until the asset is no longer of value.

If a business claims this year the full cost of an asset, which could be thousands of Dollars or Pounds or Euros (wherever you are from) it will have a huge impact on the current year’s profit, perhaps even showing a loss, which does not give a realistic picture of the day to day trading of the business – these large one-off purchases are not a regular operating expense.

When equipment is expensed it is entered on the Profit and Loss as an expense with its full value. 

When equipment is capitalized it is entered on the Balance Sheet as an asset – then depreciated by annual portions of its full value.

the meaning of depreciation asset value limits

How do you know when a purchase is a fixed asset and not an expense?

In most cases, if the cost of equipment (like a printer) falls under a set value limit, it does not have to be depreciated but can be claimed in full as an expense in the current financial year.

However, if the cost of an asset is over the value limit (like a new vehicle), and if it will last longer than 12 months, it must be capitalized and then depreciated.

Here are some examples of value limits. 

  • In New Zealand equipment under the value of $500 (excluding GST) can be deducted as an expense in full immediately
     
  • In Australia equipment under $300 can be deducted in full immediately

  • In America you can be up to $2,500 before having to capitalize the equipment.

how often must depreciation be calculated?

It can be calculated every month or every quarter, or up to once a year.

It must be done no less than once a year .. so you can’t wait two years and then do it.

The Meaning of Annual Depreciation Calculations

Most businesses will not include depreciation in their monthly bookkeeping because of how complicated it can be but will instead leave it until the end of the year for their Tax Accountant to calculate and include in the end of year accounts. This is perfectly acceptable.

The Accountant will multiply the asset value by the percentage and enter that into the accounts.

Example: $5,000 x 30% = $1,500

The Meaning of Monthly Depreciation Calculations

Some Bookkeeping programs (like Xero) make it easier for your Bookkeeper to calculate the depreciation on a monthly basis but adjustments may still be required by the Tax Accountant at the end of the year to get it 100% correct. 

The Bookkeeper will multiply the asset value by the percentage, and then divide that by the number of months, and the result entered to the accounts.

Example :$5,000 x 30% = $1,500 / by 12 = $125 per month

The benefit of including depreciation monthly is to get a more accurate Profit and Loss result which is great for budgeting and cash flow forecasting.

should a business owner calculate depreciation?

If your business doesn’t own or buy any high cost equipment (or up to the value limits mentioned above), then you won’t require depreciation to be calculated! 

If your business owns assets and you do your own monthly bookkeeping, the easiest option will be to leave depreciation out because: - 

  1. it is not imperative to have it showing in your monthly reports
  2. there are many calculation factors which can be confusing
  3. the complexity of depreciation may cause you to calculate it incorrectly

Bet you’re relieved about that!

If you use a professional Bookkeeper to prepare your monthly accounts, they may be able to include the depreciation into your reports. Ask them if it’s something they can do if you want a more accurate estimate of what your profit result will be at the end of the year.

At the very least, your Tax Accountant should prepare the depreciation calculations at the end of the tax year before telling you how much tax you must pay.

the meaning of depreciation calculation factors

Here is a list of the calculation factors that can make depreciation complicated for the untrained person:

  1. Methods: There are different methods of depreciation available.
  2. Residual value: Some assets have a residual or salvage value (the estimated value at the end of its useful life).
  3. Pooling: Some assets can be ‘pooled’ (grouped) and then depreciated as a group.
  4. Schedule: A specialized report must be prepared to show the depreciation calculations on each asset and the ending book value for the year.

Meaning of Depreciation Methods

Here are the top two methods of Depreciation for some countries:

Your tax department will have a list of Depreciation Classes or Rates applicable to each type of asset, and the standard life span of various types of assets.

Also, a business can use different depreciation methods on different assets within the business; it is not necessary to use the same method for every asset.

If you are keen to do the calculations yourself (even if it’s just for estimation purposes) you can always find out what you should do to get your depreciation as close to being right as you can – and then get an Accountant to check it at the end of the year.

what is residual or salvage value?

This is the expected value of the asset at the end of its useful life and is the amount a business may expect to receive when disposing the asset either by selling it or scrapping it.

Smaller valued assets don’t need to have a residual value applied (so they end up with a $0.00 value) which reduces the complexity of depreciation, but larger ones, such as a company vehicle can have a residual value which is the amount the business may be able to sell it for after its useful life; this useful life could be 7 years.

In these instances, depreciation must only be calculated on the result of deducting the residual value off the cost price. 

Example: Cost $25,000 minus Residual value $4,000, result = $21,000. 

Depreciation is calculated on the $21,000 not the $25,000.

what is group depreciation?

Group depreciation can be used for assets that are very similar and would each be depreciated in the same way as each other if done individually – for example a bunch of computers. 

Each computer is ‘pooled’ with the others into one group and the group is depreciated instead of the individual computers.

straight-line depreciation vs diminishing depreciation

Straight-line method:  the depreciation amount is calculated on the cost price of the asset and reduces in equal annual installments throughout the life of the asset, except the last year may be a different amount depending how much value is left to depreciate.

Diminishing* method: the depreciation amount is calculated on the book value of the asset and reduces with decreasing annual amounts. This allows the depreciation expense to be bigger in the first few years and it takes longer to reduce down the book value.

*Also called Accelerated

Here is a side-by-side comparison showing the affect on the book value of these two types of depreciation on a $5,000 asset.

Meaning of depreciation accounts

Here is a summary of accounts on the Chart of Accounts affected by Depreciation:

On the Balance Sheet – Accumulated Depreciation asset account

On the Profit and Loss – Depreciation expense account

Balance Sheet

There are usually several main groups of asset accounts that are displayed on the Balance Sheet. Here are just three examples:

  • Office Furniture and Equipment     
  • Plant and Equipment 
  • Vehicles

Each of the assets will have a corresponding depreciation account called Accumulated Depreciation, so it will look like this:

  • Office Furniture and Equipment
    Less: Accumulated Depreciation - Office Furniture and Equipment

  • Plant and Equipment
    Less: Accumulated Depreciation - Plant and Equipment

  • Motor Vehicles
    Less: Accumulated Depreciation - Vehicles

Depreciation amounts do not go directly into the asset accounts because the original cost of each asset must not show a decrease on the Balance Sheet.

Depreciation must be shown underneath in a new line as separate and negative values.

Profit and Loss

On the Profit and Loss report the account that is affected is just the one account called Depreciation which is listed in the Expenses section.

what is accumulated depreciation?

The meaning of accumulated depreciation is the build-up of the depreciation amounts from year to year. 

If in year one Depreciation on a vehicle was $800 and in year two it was $800, the accumulated amount for those two years is $1,600.

what is book value?

The book value is simply the current remaining value of the asset after accumulated depreciation has been deducted.

basic depreciation calculation example

Margie buys a desktop computer for her business for $2,500.

Let’s say her computer has a potential life-span of two years.

In the accounting records Margie would: 

  1. Enter the cost of $2,500 onto the Balance Sheet into Office Equipment, so it is out of the way and doesn’t affect her profit.
  2. She finds out that her tax department views computers as having a life-span of 2 years and has set the depreciation rate as 50% per year using the straight-line method.
  3. At the end of the year, she calculates the Depreciation by multiplying $2,500 by 50% resulting in a Depreciation amount of $1,250. 
  4. She enters this Depreciation amount of $1,250 into her accounts records as an Expense, thereby reducing her profit by $1,250. 
  5. She also enters this Depreciation amount onto the Balance Sheet into the Accumulated Depreciation account as $1,250.
  6. The remaining cost or book value of the Computer at the end of year one is $1,250. At the end of year 2, it is $0.00.

Here are examples of the Profit and Loss Report and the Balance Sheet showing the treatment of Margie's depreciation.

Depreciation Expense

Meaning of Depreciation : Profit and Loss Report

Accumulated Depreciation

Meaning of Depreciation : Balance Sheet

meaning of depreciation journal entry

Using Margie’s example above here is the depreciation journal entry:

Meaning of Depreciation Journal Entry

Meaning of depreciation schedule

Using Margie’s figures above, here is what a basic Depreciation schedule looks like using the straight-line method.

This Depreciation schedule report cannot be found in every bookkeeping software program.

Often, an Accountant or Bookkeeper may have to prepare one manually in Excel.

The schedule will be displayed according to the type of depreciation method used.

the meaning of depreciation wrap-up

Here is a wrap-up of what we have covered.

Depreciation only applies to asset purchases.

Depreciation spreads the value of an asset over several years using percentages to calculate the depreciation amounts and using different methods of application. 

It is not imperative to have depreciation included in the accounts or reports on a monthly basis, so it can be left out until the end of the year for the Tax Accountant to calculate.

Depreciation accumulates year after year until the value of the asset reaches it’s ending balance (salvage value or zero value) upon which time the business can sell or scrap the asset.

A depreciation schedule is used to track the annual calculations and application of depreciation against the assets, the depreciation methods used, and the remaining value of all assets.

If you don’t buy high cost equipment, vehicles or machinery, you can ignore depreciation altogether.

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